COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Things that can be counted are countable or COUNT
nouns as: Computer, printer, disk, drive, laboratory, bit, and byte.
Some things
by their very nature are uncountable. The words that name them are uncountable
or MASS nouns. They have no plurals, and they are not preceded by A/ AN as
device, help, information, Knowledge, trouble, work, water, oil, mail, money,
With countable nouns we use A FEW, MANY, AND TOO MANY:
EXAMPLES
There
are too many pupils in the lab. We cannot move
There
are many books in this box. There is no
any room for another one.
There
were a few pen drives for the practice.
With uncountable nouns
we use: A LITTLE, MUCH, TOO, MUCH.
There is
too much darkness in the office. I
can´t see anything.
You have
much money and there is a little
time to spend it.
The
motor has a little oil; it needs much to fill it up.
You
needed a little knowledge to explain the use of WIDE AREA NETWORK.
WANS
spans much physical distance.
Types of containers or units of measure are often used
with mass nouns to show amount of a substance. These measures or containers are
count nouns and can be either singular.
Three
bottles of water.
Two
pieces of paper.
One
dozen of cans with soda.
They
wasted the whole packages of soap.
I poured
only one litter of oil to the engine.
SUPERLATIVES AND COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
We use COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES this form to compare two
people or two things.
Mouse is
faster than keyboard.
The white ball is cheaper than the black one.
Pc
computer is bigger than laptop.
USE SHORT ADJECIVES
We use ER to short adjectives plus the word
THAN(más…..que)
Calm
calmado
Clean limpio
Cool fresco
Hard duro
Old viejo
Quiet tranquilo
Warm tibio
Wet mojado
Cheap barato
Low bajo
When and adjective ends in a consonant preceded by a
vowel, we double the consonant plus ER.
(Palabras que terminan en consonante precedida por una vocal se le añade
la consonante más er)
EXAMPLE:
Big----bigger than
Hot----hotter than
Big ------bigger
Fat------fatter
Flat-----flatter
Hot-----hotter
Sad------sadder
Thin-----thinner
Paper is thinner than carton
Mainframe is bigger than micro
We change “y”
to “I” plus ER when the adjective ends in “Y” preceded by a consonant.
EXAMPLE
Busy------------busier than
Dirty-----------dirtiter than
Busy----------busier
than ocupado
Heavy------------heavier than
pesado
Noisy----------noisier
than ruidoso
Shiny------------shinier than
brillante
Windy-----------windier than
ventoso
Easy------------easier than
facil
ON USE LONG
ADJECTIVES
We use the word MORE before and adjective plus than
Important
more important
Available disponible
Inteligent inteligente
Boring aburrido
Interesting interesante
Expensive caro
Clever hábil
Careful cuidadoso
EXCEPTIONS
There is no any rule
with irregular adjectives
GOOD bueno BETTER mejor
BAD malo WORSE peor
FAR lejos FARTHER más lejos
In conclusion
Grado positive
tall
Grado comparative taller
Grado superlative tallest
Posted by Unknown
THE PAST PERFECT
THE PAST PERFECT
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I/YOU/WE/THEY I have done the proyect I
have not… have I done the proyect?
HE / SHE /IT he has spoken he has not spoken has he spoken?
Is the same that the simple past perfect only use the
past perfect action taking place before
a certain time in the past (putting
emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)
Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.
SIGNAL
WORDS
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day
(with reference to the past, not the present)
If-Satz Typ III (If I had talked, …)
Posted by Unknown
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (SIMPLE)
The present perfect simple expresses an action
that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the
present. It puts emphasis on the result.
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I/YOU/WE/THEY I have spoken I have not spoken have I spoken?
HE / SHE /IT he has spoken he has not spoken has he spoken?
Exceptions in Spelling
when Adding ‘ed’
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed EXAMPLE
after a final e only add d love - loved
final consonant after a
short, stressed vowel
admit - admitted
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel - travelled
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel - travelled
final y after a consonant becomes
I hurry –
hurried
EXAMPLES
Sentence The information has already been
sent.
Question has the information been sent
already?
Answer Yes, it has
No, it hasn´t.
Sentences All the networks have been linked
with internet.
Question Have the networks been linked with the
internet?
Answer Yes, it has……
No, it hasn´t…….
Posted by Unknown
FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL)
Will future expresses
a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in
the future that cannot be influenced.
Positive
negative question
I will speak I will not
speak will I
speak ?
I won´t speak
a spontaneous decision
example:
Wait, I will help you.
an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption
regarding the future
example:
He
will probably come back tomorrow.
a promise
example:
I will not watch TV tonight.
an action in the future that cannot be
influenced
example:
It will rain tomorrow.
conditional clauses type I
example: If I arrive late, I will
call you.
SIGNALS WORDS
in a year, next …, tomorrow
Vermutung: I think, probably, perhaps
Posted by Unknown
CONDITIONALS SENTENCE
ZERO CONDITIONAL
Certainty
The Zero conditional
is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met.
If condition results
Present simple present
simple
If you heat the water to 100 degrees
clesius, it boils.
If I drink
coffee, I get headache
“if” suggest something
unreal, nonexistent, contrary to fact, or future, the verb in an “IF” clause,
is never the same form as that in the result clause of the same sentences.
SEQUENCE
OF TENSES
|
||
IF
|
RESULT
|
|
Present
|
Future or Present
|
|
Past
|
Conditional
|
|
Past Perfect
|
Perfect Conditional
|
IF can be
used at the beginning or between the two clauses, in the negative or
interrogative forms.
CONDITIONAL 1
PRESENT
FUTURE OR PRESENT
If I find
my partner
I will talk to him
I will talk
to him
if I find him
If you
don´t come here I won´t be able to study
I won´t be
able to study
if you don´t come
The “IF” may be at the end of the sentences or at the beginning
If we don´t
use the password
we don´t access to the
internet
We don´t
access to the internet
if we don´t use the
password
CONDITIONAL 2
The present conditions
are started in the past. The result clause includes one of the Modal Auxiliaries.
WOULD-COULD-MIGHT(the
negative of these modals auxiliary are: would not- Wouldn’t; Could not-
Couldn´t, Might not –Mightn´t)
PAST
CONDITIONAL
If the teacher were not here, the students would leave
their classroom.
If I were rich, I could travel around the world
If I had
a multimedia computer, I might
access to the internet
If you didn´t
create your web page, many people would
not know you
Note the use of them
form “were” instead of “was” “were” is used both singular and plural.
If I were
I computing expert, I would have my
own web page
If he weren´t
a good teacher, his classes would be
bored.
If the internet service were expensive, I couldn´t
get it
CONDITIONAL 3
“Imaginary Past”
The third conditional is used when we are
talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually
happened:
Condition
Result What actually
happened
Past
Perfect WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If I had known, I would have helped. I
didn't know and didn't help.
EXAMPLES
If she
had headache, I would have a
pill
If I had
paid, I would have had more credit
If we
had got good degrees, we would have
studied better
CONDITIONALS TIME AND PROBABILITY TABLE
PROBABILITY
|
CONDITIONALS
|
EXAMPLE
|
TIME
|
Certain
|
Zero conditional
|
If you heat water to
100 degrees Celsius, it boils
|
Any time
|
Likely
|
First conditional
|
If it rains, I will
stay in
|
future
|
UnLikely
|
Second conditional
|
If I wont the
lottery, I would retire
|
future
|
Impossible
|
Second conditional
|
If I had the money,
I would lend it to you
|
present
|
Impossible
|
Third conditional
|
If I had seen
him, I would have given him the
message.
|
past
|
Posted by Unknown
